[privoxy.git] / doc / source / developer-manual.sgml

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<!entity supported SYSTEM "supported.sgml">
<!entity newfeatures SYSTEM "newfeatures.sgml">
<!entity p-intro SYSTEM "privoxy.sgml">
<!entity history SYSTEM "history.sgml">
<!entity seealso SYSTEM "seealso.sgml">
<!entity p-version "3.0.30">
<!entity p-status "UNRELEASED">
<!entity % p-not-stable "INCLUDE">
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]>
<!--
 File        :  doc/source/developer-manual.sgml

 Purpose     :  developer manual

 Copyright (C) 2001-2021 Privoxy Developers https://www.privoxy.org/
 See LICENSE.

 ========================================================================
 NOTE: Please read developer-manual/documentation.html before touching
 anything in this, or other Privoxy documentation. You have been warned!
 Failure to abide by this rule will result in the revocation of your license
 to live a peaceful existence!
 ========================================================================

-->

<article id="index">
  <artheader>
    <title>Privoxy Developer Manual</title>
    <pubdate>
     <subscript>
    <!-- Completely the wrong markup, but very little is allowed  -->
    <!-- in this part of an article. FIXME -->
      <ulink url="https://www.privoxy.org/user-manual/copyright.html">Copyright</ulink>
      &my-copy; 2001-2021 by
      <ulink url="https://www.privoxy.org/">Privoxy Developers</ulink>
     </subscript>
    </pubdate>

<!--

Note: this should generate a separate page, and a live link to it.
But it doesn't for some mysterious reason. Please leave commented
unless it can be fixed proper. For the time being, the copyright
statement will be in copyright.smgl.

Hal.

<legalnotice id="legalnotice">
 <para>
  text goes here ........
 </para>
</legalnotice>

-->

    <abstract>

<![%dummy;[
 <para>
 <comment>
  This is here to keep vim syntax file from breaking :/
  If I knew enough to fix it, I would.
  PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE! HB: hal@foobox.net
 </comment>
 </para>
 ]]>
<para>
 The developer manual provides guidance on coding, testing, packaging, documentation
 and other issues of importance to those involved with
 <application>Privoxy</application> development. It is mandatory (and helpful!) reading
 for anyone who wants to join the team. Note that it's currently out of date
 and may not be entirely correct. As always, patches are welcome.
</para>

<!-- Include privoxy.sgml boilerplate text: -->

<!--  &p-intro; Someone interested enough in the project to contribute
                will already know at this point what Privoxy is. -->

<!-- end boilerplate -->

<para>
 Please note that this document is constantly evolving. This copy represents
 the state at the release of version &p-version;.
 You can find the latest version of the this manual at <ulink
 url="https://www.privoxy.org/developer-manual/">https://www.privoxy.org/developer-manual/</ulink>.
 Please have a look at the
 <ulink url="https://www.privoxy.org/user-manual/contact.html">contact section in the user manual</ulink>
 if you are interested in contacting the developers.
</para>

    </abstract>
  </artheader>


<!--   ~~~~~       New section      ~~~~~     -->
  <sect1 id="introduction"><title>Introduction</title>
<!--

 I don't like seeing blank space :) So added *something* here.

 -->
    <para>
     <application>Privoxy</application>, as an heir to
     <application>Junkbuster</application>, is a <ulink
      url="https://www.privoxy.org/user-manual/copyright.html">Free Software</ulink> project.
     As such, <application>Privoxy</application> development is potentially open
     to anyone who has the time, knowledge, and desire to contribute
     in any capacity. Our goals are simply to continue the mission,
     to improve <application>Privoxy</application>, and
     to make it available to as wide an audience as possible.
    </para>
    <para>
     One does not have to be a programmer to contribute. Packaging, testing,
     documenting and porting, are all important jobs as well.
    </para>

  <!--   ~~~~~       New section      ~~~~~     -->
  <sect2 id="quickstart"><title>Quickstart to Privoxy Development</title>
   <para>
    The first step is to join the <ulink
      url="https://lists.privoxy.org/mailman/listinfo/privoxy-devel">privoxy-devel mailing list</ulink>.
    You can submit your ideas or, even better, patches.
    Patches can also be submitted to the
    <ulink url="https://sourceforge.net/p/ijbswa/patches/">Sourceforge patch tracker</ulink>.
   </para>
    <para>
     You will also need to have a git package installed,
     in order to access the git repository.
     Having the GNU build tools is also going to be important (particularly,
     autoconf and gmake).
    </para>
    <para>
      For the time being (read, this section is under construction), you can
      also refer to the extensive comments in the source code. In fact,
      reading the code is recommended in any case.
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <!--   ~~~~~       New section      ~~~~~     -->
  <sect1 id="git"><title>The Git Repository</title>
    <para>
      If you become part of the active development team, you will eventually
      need write access to our holy grail, the Git repository. One of the
      team members will need to set this up for you. Please read
      this chapter completely before accessing via Git.
    </para>

    <sect2 id="gitaccess"><title>Access to Git</title>
      <para>
        The project's Git repository is hosted on the
        <ulink url="https://www.privoxy.org/">Privoxy webserver</ulink>.
        For Privoxy team members with push privileges the Git repository URL is
        <literal>ssh://git@git.privoxy.org:23/git/privoxy.git</literal>.
      </para>
      <para>
       Contributors without push privileges can
       <quote>git clone https://www.privoxy.org/git/privoxy.git</quote>.
      </para>
      <para>
        The central repository is called <literal>privoxy</literal>, and the
        source branch is called <literal>master</literal>. Subfolders exist
        within the project for target-dependent build and  packaging tools, each
        including the name of the target operating system in their name (e.g.
        Windows, OSXPackageBuilder, debian). There is a webview of the Git
        hierarchy at
        <ulink url="https://www.privoxy.org/gitweb/?p=privoxy.git;a=tree">
                    https://www.privoxy.org/gitweb/?p=privoxy.git;a=tree</ulink>,
        which might help with visualizing how these pieces fit together.
      </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="gitbranches">
    <title>Branches</title>
     <para>
       Whilst the central repository contains only the master branch, developers
       are of course free to create branches in their local repositories as they
       develop features, fixes, or update the target-dependent tools. Only once
       such changes are fully tested ought they be pushed back to the central
       repository master branch.
     </para>
     <para>
       Before pushing stuff, please rebase it on a current master so we get
       an uncomplicated commit history. Avoid merges where possible.
     </para>
     <para>
       Here's an example git sesssion that should result in a merge-free history:
     </para>
     <programlisting>
fk@t520 ~/git/privoxy $git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.
# Make sure you have the latest changes
fk@t520 ~/git/privoxy $git pull
Already up to date.
# Create a local banch for changes
fk@t520 ~/git/privoxy $git checkout -b local-branch
Switched to a new branch 'local-branch'
# Create some change
fk@t520 ~/git/privoxy $gmake dok dok-tidy
[...]
# Review your change
fk@t520 ~/git/privoxy $git diff
[...]
# Commit your changes if they look goood
fk@t520 ~/git/privoxy $git commit -m "developer-manual: Regenerate" doc/webserver/
[local-branch 1abb7316] developer-manual: Regenerate
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
# Review your commit
fk@t520 ~/git/privoxy $git show
[...]
# Go to the master branch
fk@t520 ~/git/privoxy $git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.
# Make sure you are still in sync
fk@t520 ~/git/privoxy $git pull
[...]
Already up to date.
# Apply the commit you made to the local-branch
fk@t520 ~/git/privoxy $git cherry-pick local-branch
[master 046e85e2] developer-manual: Regenerate
 Date: Tue Dec 15 05:10:07 2020 +0100
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
# Make sure the history looks as expected
fk@t520 ~/git/privoxy $git log -p
# Finally push your change to the Privoxy repository
fk@t520 ~/git/privoxy $git push
[...]
# Go back to the local branch
fk@t520 ~/git/privoxy $git checkout local-branch
# Rebase on top of master and continue hacking
fk@t520 ~/git/privoxy $git rebase master
Successfully rebased and updated refs/heads/local-branch.
</programlisting>
     <!--
     <para>
       Branches are used to fork a sub-development path from the main trunk.
       Within the <literal>current</literal> module where the sources are, there
       is always at least one <quote>branch</quote> from the main trunk
       devoted to a stable release series. The main trunk is where active
       development takes place for the next stable series (e.g. 3.2.x).
       So just prior to each stable series (e.g. 3.0.x), a branch is created
       just for stable series releases (e.g. 3.0.0 -> 3.0.1 -> 3.0.2, etc).
       Once the initial stable release of any stable branch has taken place,
       this branch is <emphasis>only used for bugfixes</emphasis>, which have
       had prior testing before being committed to Git. (See <link
       linkend="versionnumbers">Version Numbers</link> below for details on
       versioning.)
     </para>
     -->
     <para>
      At one time there were two distinct branches: stable and unstable. The
      more drastic changes were to be in the unstable branch. These branches
      have now been merged to minimize time and effort of maintaining two
      branches.
     </para>
    <!--
     <para>
       This will result in at least two active branches, which means there may
       be occasions that require the same (or similar) item to be
       checked into to two different places (assuming its a bugfix and needs
       fixing in both the stable and unstable trees). This also means that in
       order to have access to both trees, both will have to be checked out
       separately. Use the <literal>cvs -r</literal> flag to check out a
       branch, e.g: <literal>cvs co -r v_3_0_branch current</literal>.
     </para>
    -->
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="gitcommit"><title>Git Commit Guidelines</title>
      <para>
        The source tree is the heart of every software project. Every effort must
        be made to ensure that it is readable, compilable and consistent at all
        times. <!-- There are differing guidelines for the stable branch and the
        main development trunk, and --> We expect anyone with Git access to strictly
        adhere to the following guidelines:
      </para>

      <para>
       Basic Guidelines, for all branches:
      </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem><para>
            Please don't commit even
            a small change without testing it thoroughly first. When we're
            close to a public release, ask a fellow developer to review your
            changes.
          </para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>
            Your commit message should give a concise overview of <emphasis>what you
            changed</emphasis> (no big details) and <emphasis>why you changed it</emphasis>
            Just check previous messages for good examples.
          </para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>
            Don't use the same message on multiple files, unless it equally applies to
            all those files.
          </para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>
            If your changes span multiple files, and the code won't recompile unless
            all changes are committed (e.g. when changing the signature of a function),
            then commit all files one after another, without long delays in between.
            If necessary, prepare the commit messages in advance.
          </para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>
            Before changing things on Git, make sure that your changes are in line
            with the team's general consensus on what should be done.
          </para></listitem>
          <listitem>
           <para>
            Note that near a major public release, we get more cautious.
            There is always the possibility to submit a patch to the <ulink
            url="https://sourceforge.net/p/ijbswa/patches/">patch
            tracker</ulink> or the <ulink
             url="https://lists.privoxy.org/mailman/listinfo/privoxy-devel">privoxy-devel mailing list</ulink>
            instead.
          </para>
         </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>

<!--
      <para>
       Stable branches are handled with more care, especially after the
       initial *.*.0 release, and we are just in bugfix mode. In addition to
       the above, the below applies only to the stable branch (currently the
       <literal>v_3_0_branch</literal> branch):
      </para>

      <para>
       <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
         <para>
           Do not commit <emphasis>anything</emphasis> unless your proposed
           changes have been well tested first, preferably by other members of the
           project, or have prior approval of the project leaders or consensus
           of the devel list.
         </para>
        </listitem>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Where possible, bugfixes and changes should be tested in the main
         development trunk first. There may be occasions where this is not
         feasible, though.
        </para>
       </listitem>
       <listitem>
        <para>
          Alternately, proposed changes can be submitted as patches output by
          <literal>git format-patch</literal> to the privoxy-devel mailing list
          or alternatively to the patch tracker on Sourceforge:
          <ulink url="https://sourceforge.net/p/ijbswa/patches/">
                      https://sourceforge.net/p/ijbswa/patches/</ulink>.
          Then ask for peer review.
        </para>
       </listitem>
        <listitem>
         <para>
          Do not even think about anything except bugfixes. No new features!
         </para>
        </listitem>

       </itemizedlist>
      </para>
    -->
    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <!--   ~~~~~       New section      ~~~~~     -->
<sect1 id="documentation"><title>Documentation Guidelines</title>
  <para>
    All formal documents are maintained in Docbook SGML and located in the
    <computeroutput>doc/source/*</computeroutput> directory. You will need
    <ulink url="https://www.docbook.org/">Docbook</ulink>, the Docbook
    DTD's and the Docbook modular stylesheets (or comparable alternatives),
    and either <application>jade</application> or
    <application>openjade</application> (recommended) installed in order to
    build docs from source. Currently there is <ulink
    url="../user-manual/index.html"><citetitle>user-manual</citetitle></ulink>,
    <ulink url="../faq/index.html"><citetitle>FAQ</citetitle></ulink>, and, of
    course this, the <citetitle>developer-manual</citetitle> in this format.
    The <citetitle>README</citetitle>, <citetitle>AUTHORS</citetitle>,
    <citetitle>INSTALL</citetitle>,
    <citetitle>privoxy.1</citetitle> (man page), and
    <citetitle>config</citetitle> files are also now maintained as Docbook
    SGML. These files, when built, in the top-level source directory are
    generated files! Also, the <application>Privoxy</application> <filename>index.html</filename> (and a
    variation on this file, <filename>privoxy-index.html</filename>,
    meant for inclusion with doc packages), are maintained as SGML as well.
    <emphasis>DO NOT edit these directly</emphasis>. Edit the SGML source, or
    contact someone involved in the documentation.
    </para>
    <para>
     <filename>config</filename> requires some special handling. The reason it
     is maintained this way is so that the extensive comments in the file
     mirror those in <citetitle>user-manual</citetitle>. But the conversion
     process requires going from SGML to HTML to text to special formatting
     required for the embedded comments. Some of this does not survive so
     well. Especially some of the examples that are longer than 80 characters.
    </para>
    <para>
     Other, less formal documents (e.g. <filename>LICENSE</filename>) are
     maintained as plain text files in the top-level source directory.
    </para>
    <para>
     Packagers are encouraged to include this documentation. For those without
     the ability to build the docs locally, text versions of each are kept in
     Git. HTML versions are also being kept in Git under
     <filename>doc/webserver/*</filename>.
    </para>
    <para>
     Formal documents are built with the Makefile targets of
     <computeroutput>make dok</computeroutput>.
     The build process uses the document SGML sources in
     <computeroutput>doc/source/*/*</computeroutput> to update all text files in
     <computeroutput>doc/text/</computeroutput> and to update all HTML
     documents in <computeroutput>doc/webserver/</computeroutput>.
    </para>
    <para>
     Documentation writers should please make sure documents build
     successfully before committing to Git, if possible.
    </para>
    <para>
     How do you update the webserver (i.e. the pages on privoxy.org)?
    </para>

     <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
      <listitem><para>
        First, build the docs by running <computeroutput>make
        dok dok-tidy</computeroutput>.
      </para></listitem>
      <listitem><para>
        Run <computeroutput>make webserver</computeroutput> which copies all
        files from <computeroutput>doc/webserver</computeroutput> to the
        sourceforge webserver via ssh.
      </para></listitem>
     </orderedlist>

  <para>
   Finished docs should be occasionally submitted to Git
   (<filename>doc/webserver/*/*.html</filename>) so that those without
   the ability to build them locally, have access to them if needed.
   This is especially important just prior to a new release! Please
   do this <emphasis>after</emphasis> the <literal>$VERSION</literal> and
   other release specific data in <filename>configure.in</filename> has been
   updated (this is done just prior to a new release).
  </para>

<!--   ~~~~~       New section      ~~~~~     -->
<sect2 id="sgml">
<title>Quickstart to Docbook and SGML</title>
<para>
 If you are not familiar with SGML, it is a markup language similar to HTML.
 Actually, not a mark up language per se, but a language used to define
 markup languages. In fact, HTML is an SGML application. Both will use
 <quote>tags</quote> to format text and other content. SGML tags can be much
 more varied, and flexible, but do much of the same kinds of things. The tags,
 or <quote>elements</quote>, are definable in SGML. There is no set
 <quote>standards</quote>. Since we are using
 <application>Docbook</application>, our tags are those that are defined by
 <application>Docbook</application>. Much of how the finish document is
 rendered is determined by the <quote>stylesheets</quote>.
 The stylesheets determine how each tag gets translated to HTML, or other
 formats.
</para>

<para>
 Tags in Docbook SGML need to be always <quote>closed</quote>. If not, you
 will likely generate errors. Example: <literal>&lt;title&gt;My
 Title&lt;/title&gt;</literal>. They are also case-insensitive, but we
 strongly suggest using all lower case. This keeps compatibility with
 [Docbook] <application>XML</application>.
</para>

<para>
 Our documents use <quote>sections</quote> for the most part. Sections
 will be processed into HTML headers (e.g. <literal>h1</literal> for
 <literal>sect1</literal>). The <application>Docbook</application> stylesheets
 will use these to also generate the Table of Contents for each doc. Our
 TOC's are set to a depth of three. Meaning <literal>sect1</literal>,
 <literal>sect2</literal>, and <literal>sect3</literal> will have TOC
 entries, but <literal>sect4</literal> will not. Each section requires
 a <literal>&lt;title&gt;</literal> element, and at least one
 <literal>&lt;para&gt;</literal>. There is a limit of five section
 levels in Docbook, but generally three should be sufficient for our
 purposes.
</para>

<para>
 Some common elements that you likely will use:
</para>

  <simplelist>
    <member>
      <emphasis>&lt;para&gt;&lt;/para&gt;</emphasis>, paragraph delimiter. Most
      text needs to be within paragraph elements (there are some exceptions).
    </member>
    <member>
      <emphasis>&lt;emphasis&gt;&lt;/emphasis&gt;</emphasis>, the stylesheets
      make this italics.
    </member>
    <member>
      <emphasis>&lt;filename&gt;&lt;/filename&gt;</emphasis>, files and directories.
    </member>
    <member>
      <emphasis>&lt;command&gt;&lt;/command&gt;</emphasis>, command examples.
    </member>
    <member>
      <emphasis>&lt;literallayout&gt;&lt;/literallayout&gt;</emphasis>, like
      <literal>&lt;pre&gt;</literal>, more or less.
    </member>
    <member>
      <emphasis>&lt;itemizedlist&gt;&lt;/itemizedlist&gt;</emphasis>, list with bullets.
    </member>
    <member>
      <emphasis>&lt;listitem&gt;&lt;/listitem&gt;</emphasis>, member of the above.
    </member>
    <member>
      <emphasis>&lt;screen&gt;&lt;/screen&gt;</emphasis>, screen output, implies
      <literal>&lt;literallayout&gt;</literal>.
    </member>
    <member>
      <emphasis>&lt;ulink url="example.com"&gt;&lt;/ulink&gt;</emphasis>, like
      HTML <literal>&lt;a&gt;</literal> tag.
    </member>
    <member>
      <emphasis>&lt;quote&gt;&lt;/quote&gt;</emphasis>, for, doh, quoting text.
    </member>
  </simplelist>

<para>
 Look at any of the existing docs for examples of all these and more.
</para>

<para>
 You might also find
 <!-- <quote><ulink url="http://opensource.bureau-cornavin.com/crash-course/index.html">
              domain no longer exists so link to the wayback archive -->
 <quote><ulink url="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315230758/http://opensource.bureau-cornavin.com/crash-course/index.html">
 Writing Documentation Using DocBook - A Crash Course</ulink></quote> useful.
</para>
</sect2>

<!--   ~~~~~       New section      ~~~~~     -->
  <sect2 id="docstyle">
  <title><application>Privoxy</application> Documentation Style</title>
   <para>
    It will be easier if everyone follows a similar writing style. This
    just makes it easier to read what someone else has written if it
    is all done in a similar fashion.
   </para>
   <para>
    Here it is:
   </para>
    <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       All tags should be lower case.
      </para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
     <para>
       Tags delimiting a <emphasis>block</emphasis> of text (even small
       blocks) should be on their own line. Like:
     </para>
       <literallayout>
 &lt;para&gt;
  Some text goes here.
 &lt;/para&gt;
</literallayout>
     <para>
       Tags marking individual words, or few words, should be in-line:
     </para>
       <literallayout>
  Just to &lt;emphasis&gt;emphasize&lt;/emphasis&gt;, some text goes here.
</literallayout>
   </listitem>
   <listitem>
    <para>
      Tags should be nested and step indented for block text like: (except
      in-line tags)
    </para>
     <literallayout>
 &lt;para&gt;
  &lt;itemizedlist&gt;
   &lt;para&gt;
    &lt;listitem&gt;
      Some text goes here in our list example.
     &lt;/listitem&gt;
   &lt;/para&gt;
  &lt;/itemizedlist&gt;
 &lt;/para&gt;
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This makes it easier to find the text amongst the tags ;-)
    </para>
   </listitem>
   <listitem>
    <para>
     Use white space to separate logical divisions within a document,
     like between sections. Running everything together consistently
     makes it harder to read and work on.
    </para>
   </listitem>
   <listitem>
    <para>
     Do not hesitate to make comments. Comments can either use the
     &lt;comment&gt; element, or the &lt;!--  --&gt; style comment
     familiar from HTML. (Note in Docbook v4.x &lt;comment&gt; is
     replaced by &lt;remark&gt;.)
    </para>
  </listitem>
  <listitem>
   <para>
     We have an international audience. Refrain from slang, or English
     idiosyncrasies (too many to list :). Humor also does not translate
     well sometimes.
   </para>
  </listitem>
  <listitem>
   <para>
    Try to keep overall line lengths in source files to 80 characters or less
    for obvious reasons. This is not always possible, with lengthy URLs for
    instance.
   </para>
  </listitem>
  <listitem>
   <para>
    Our documents are available in differing formats. Right now, they
    are just plain text and/or HTML, but others are always a
    future possibility. Be careful with URLs (&lt;ulink&gt;), and avoid
    this mistake:
   </para>
   <para>
     My favorite site is &lt;ulink url="http://example.com"&gt;here&lt;/ulink&gt;.
   </para>
   <para>
     This will render as <quote>My favorite site is here</quote>, which is
     not real helpful in a text doc. Better like this:
   </para>
   <para>
     My favorite site is &lt;ulink url="http://example.com"&gt;example.com&lt;/ulink&gt;.
   </para>
  </listitem>
  <listitem>
   <para>
    All documents should be spell checked occasionally.
    <application>aspell</application> can check SGML with the
    <literal>-H</literal> option. (<application>ispell</application> I think
    too.)
   </para>
  </listitem>

  </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>


 <!--   ~~~~~       New section      ~~~~~     -->

 <sect2 id="custom-entities"><title>Privoxy Custom Entities</title>
 <para>
  <application>Privoxy</application> documentation is using
  a number of customized <quote>entities</quote> to facilitate
  documentation maintenance.
 </para>
 <para>
  We are using a set of <quote>boilerplate</quote> files with generic text,
  that is used by multiple docs. This way we can write something once, and use
  it repeatedly without having to re-write the same content over and over again.
  If editing such a file, keep in mind that it should be
  <emphasis>generic</emphasis>. That is the purpose; so it can be used in varying
  contexts without additional modifications.
 </para>
 <para>
  We are also using what <application>Docbook</application> calls
  <quote>internal entities</quote>. These are like variables in
  programming. Well, sort of. For instance, we have the
  <literal>p-version</literal> entity that contains the current
  <application>Privoxy</application> version string. You are strongly
  encouraged to use these where possible. Some of these obviously
  require re-setting with each release (done by the Makefile). A sampling of
  custom entities are listed below. See any of the main docs for examples.
 </para>

  <itemizedlist>
  <listitem>
   <para>
    Re- <quote>boilerplate</quote> text entities are defined like:
   </para>
   <para>
    <literal>&lt;!entity supported SYSTEM "supported.sgml"&gt;</literal>
   </para>
   <para>
     In this example, the contents of the file,
     <filename>supported.sgml</filename> is available for inclusion anywhere
     in the doc. To make this happen, just reference the now defined
     entity: <literal>&#38;supported;</literal> (starts with an ampersand
     and ends with a semi-colon), and the contents will be dumped into
     the finished doc at that point.
   </para>
  </listitem>

  <listitem>
   <para>
    Commonly used <quote>internal entities</quote>:
  </para>
  <simplelist>
   <member>
    <emphasis>p-version</emphasis>: the <application>Privoxy</application>
    version string, e.g. <quote>&p-version;</quote>.
   </member>
   <member>
    <emphasis>p-status</emphasis>: the project status, either
    <quote>alpha</quote>, <quote>beta</quote>, or <quote>stable</quote>.
   </member>
   <member>
    <emphasis>p-not-stable</emphasis>: use to conditionally include
    text in <quote>not stable</quote> releases (e.g. <quote>beta</quote>).
   </member>
   <member>
    <emphasis>p-stable</emphasis>: just the opposite.
   </member>
   <member>
    <emphasis>p-text</emphasis>: this doc is only generated as text.
   </member>
  </simplelist>
 </listitem>
 </itemizedlist>
 <para>
  There are others in various places that are defined for a specific
  purpose. Read the source!
 </para>

 </sect2>

 </sect1>

<!--     <listitem><para>be consistent with the redirect script (i.e. the <application>Privoxy</application> program -->
<!--       points via the redirect URL at sf to valid end-points in the document)</para></listitem> -->

  <!--   ~~~~~       New section      ~~~~~     -->
  <sect1 id="coding"><title>Coding Guidelines</title>

    <sect2 id="s1"><title>Introduction</title>

    <para>This set of standards is designed to make our lives easier.  It is
    developed with the simple goal of helping us keep the "new and improved
    <application>Privoxy</application>" consistent and reliable. Thus making
    maintenance easier and increasing chances of success of the
    project.</para>

    <para>And that of course comes back to us as individuals. If we can
    increase our development and product efficiencies then we can solve more
    of the request for changes/improvements and in general feel good about
    ourselves. ;-></para>

  </sect2>

    <sect2 id="s2"><title>Using Comments</title>


    <sect3 id="s3"><title>Comment, Comment, Comment</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Comment as much as possible without commenting the obvious.
    For example do not comment "variable_a is equal to variable_b".
    Instead explain why variable_a should be equal to the variable_b.
    Just because a person can read code does not mean they will
    understand why or what is being done. A reader may spend a lot
    more time figuring out what is going on when a simple comment
    or explanation would have prevented the extra research. Please
    help your fellow Privoxy developers out!</para>

    <para>The comments will also help justify the intent of the code.
    If the comment describes something different than what the code
    is doing then maybe a programming error is occurring.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
/* if page size greater than 1k ... */
if (page_length() > 1024)
{
    ... "block" the page up ...
}

/* if page size is small, send it in blocks */
if (page_length() > 1024)
{
    ... "block" the page up ...
}

This demonstrates 2 cases of "what not to do".  The first is a
"syntax comment".  The second is a comment that does not fit what
is actually being done.
</programlisting>
  </sect3>



    <sect3 id="s4"><title>Use blocks for comments</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Comments can help or they can clutter. They help when they
    are differentiated from the code they describe. One line
    comments do not offer effective separation between the comment
    and the code. Block identifiers do, by surrounding the code
    with a clear, definable pattern.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
/*********************************************************************
 * This will stand out clearly in your code!
 *********************************************************************/
if (this_variable == that_variable)
{
   do_something_very_important();
}


/* unfortunately, this may not */
if (this_variable == that_variable)
{
   do_something_very_important();
}


if (this_variable == that_variable) /* this may not either */
{
   do_something_very_important();
}</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Exception:</emphasis></para>

    <para>If you are trying to add a small logic comment and do not
    wish to "disrupt" the flow of the code, feel free to use a 1
    line comment which is NOT on the same line as the code.</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s5"><title>Keep Comments on their own line</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>It goes back to the question of readability. If the comment
    is on the same line as the code it will be harder to read than
    the comment that is on its own line.</para>

    <para>There are three exceptions to this rule, which should be
    violated freely and often: during the definition of variables,
    at the end of closing braces, when used to comment
    parameters.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
/*********************************************************************
 * This will stand out clearly in your code,
 * But the second example won't.
 *********************************************************************/
if (this_variable == this_variable)
{
   do_something_very_important();
}

if (this_variable == this_variable) /*can you see me?*/
{
   do_something_very_important(); /*not easily*/
}


/*********************************************************************
 * But, the encouraged exceptions:
 *********************************************************************/
int urls_read     = 0;     /* # of urls read + rejected */
int urls_rejected = 0;     /* # of urls rejected */

if (1 == X)
{
   do_something_very_important();
}


short do_something_very_important(
   short firstparam,   /* represents something */
   short nextparam     /* represents something else */ )
{
   ...code here...

}   /* -END- do_something_very_important */
</programlisting>
  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s6"><title>Comment each logical step</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Logical steps should be commented to help others follow the
    intent of the written code and comments will make the code more
    readable.</para>

    <para>If you have 25 lines of code without a comment, you should
    probably go back into it to see where you forgot to put
    one.</para>

    <para>Most "for", "while", "do", etc... loops _probably_ need a
    comment. After all, these are usually major logic
    containers.</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s7"><title>Comment All Functions Thoroughly</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>A reader of the code should be able to look at the comments
    just prior to the beginning of a function and discern the
    reason for its existence and the consequences of using it. The
    reader should not have to read through the code to determine if
    a given function is safe for a desired use. The proper
    information thoroughly presented at the introduction of a
    function not only saves time for subsequent maintenance or
    debugging, it more importantly aids in code reuse by allowing a
    user to determine the safety and applicability of any function
    for the problem at hand. As a result of such benefits, all
    functions should contain the information presented in the
    addendum section of this document.</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s8"><title>Comment at the end of braces if the
    content is more than one screen length</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Each closing brace should be followed on the same line by a
    comment that describes the origination of the brace if the
    original brace is off of the screen, or otherwise far away from
    the closing brace. This will simplify the debugging,
    maintenance, and readability of the code.</para>

    <para>As a suggestion , use the following flags to make the
    comment and its brace more readable:</para>

    <para>use following a closing brace: } /* -END- if() or while ()
    or etc... */</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
if (1 == X)
{
   do_something_very_important();
   ...some long list of commands...
} /* -END- if x is 1 */

or:

if (1 == X)
{
   do_something_very_important();
   ...some long list of commands...
} /* -END- if (1 == X) */
</programlisting>
  </sect3>

  </sect2>

    <sect2 id="s9"><title>Naming Conventions</title>



    <sect3 id="s10"><title>Variable Names</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Use all lowercase, and separate words via an underscore
    ('_'). Do not start an identifier with an underscore. (ANSI C
    reserves these for use by the compiler and system headers.) Do
    not use identifiers which are reserved in ANSI C++. (E.g.
    template, class, true, false, ...). This is in case we ever
    decide to port Privoxy to C++.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
int ms_iis5_hack = 0;</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Instead of:</emphasis></para>

<programlisting>
int msiis5hack = 0; int msIis5Hack = 0;
</programlisting>



  </sect3>

    <sect3 id="s11"><title>Function Names</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Use all lowercase, and separate words via an underscore
    ('_'). Do not start an identifier with an underscore. (ANSI C
    reserves these for use by the compiler and system headers.) Do
    not use identifiers which are reserved in ANSI C++. (E.g.
    template, class, true, false, ...). This is in case we ever
    decide to port Privoxy to C++.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
int load_some_file(struct client_state *csp)</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Instead of:</emphasis></para>

<programlisting>
int loadsomefile(struct client_state *csp)
int loadSomeFile(struct client_state *csp)
</programlisting>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s12"><title>Header file prototypes</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Use a descriptive parameter name in the function prototype
    in header files. Use the same parameter name in the header file
    that you use in the c file.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
(.h) extern int load_aclfile(struct client_state *csp);
(.c) int load_aclfile(struct client_state *csp)</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Instead of:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
(.h) extern int load_aclfile(struct client_state *); or
(.h) extern int load_aclfile();
(.c) int load_aclfile(struct client_state *csp)
</programlisting>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s13"><title>Enumerations, and #defines</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Use all capital letters, with underscores between words. Do
    not start an identifier with an underscore. (ANSI C reserves
    these for use by the compiler and system headers.)</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
(enumeration) : enum Boolean {FALSE, TRUE};
(#define) : #define DEFAULT_SIZE 100;</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> We have a standard naming scheme for #defines
    that toggle a feature in the preprocessor: FEATURE_>, where
    > is a short (preferably 1 or 2 word) description.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
#define FEATURE_FORCE 1

#ifdef FEATURE_FORCE
#define FORCE_PREFIX blah
#endif /* def FEATURE_FORCE */
</programlisting>
  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s14"><title>Constants</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Spell common words out entirely (do not remove vowels).</para>

    <para>Use only widely-known domain acronyms and abbreviations.
    Capitalize all letters of an acronym.</para>

    <para>Use underscore (_) to separate adjacent acronyms and
    abbreviations. Never terminate a name with an underscore.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
#define USE_IMAGE_LIST 1</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Instead of:</emphasis></para>

<programlisting>
#define USE_IMG_LST 1 or
#define _USE_IMAGE_LIST 1 or
#define USE_IMAGE_LIST_ 1 or
#define use_image_list 1 or
#define UseImageList 1
</programlisting>


  </sect3>

  </sect2>


    <sect2 id="s15"><title>Using Space</title>



    <sect3 id="s16"><title>Put braces on a line by themselves.</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>The brace needs to be on a line all by itself, not at the
    end of the statement. Curly braces should line up with the
    construct that they're associated with. This practice makes it
    easier to identify the opening and closing braces for a
    block.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
if (this == that)
{
   ...
}</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Instead of:</emphasis></para>

    <para>if (this == that) { ... }</para>

    <para>or</para>

    <para>if (this == that) { ... }</para>

    <para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> In the special case that the if-statement is
    inside a loop, and it is trivial, i.e. it tests for a
    condition that is obvious from the purpose of the block,
    one-liners as above may optically preserve the loop structure
    and make it easier to read.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Status:</emphasis> developer-discretion.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example exception:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
while (more lines are read)
{
   /* Please document what is/is not a comment line here */
   if (it's a comment) continue;

   do_something(line);
}
</programlisting>
  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s17"><title>ALL control statements should have a
    block</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Using braces to make a block will make your code more
    readable and less prone to error. All control statements should
    have a block defined.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
if (this == that)
{
   do_something();
   do_something_else();
}</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Instead of:</emphasis></para>

    <para>if (this == that) do_something(); do_something_else();</para>

    <para>or</para>

    <para>if (this == that) do_something();</para>

    <para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> The first example in "Instead of" will execute
    in a manner other than that which the developer desired (per
    indentation). Using code braces would have prevented this
    "feature". The "explanation" and "exception" from the point
    above also applies.</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s18"><title>Do not belabor/blow-up boolean
    expressions</title>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
structure->flag = (condition);</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Instead of:</emphasis></para>

    <para>if (condition) { structure->flag = 1; } else {
    structure->flag = 0; }</para>

    <para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> The former is readable and concise. The later
    is wordy and inefficient. Please assume that any developer new
    to the project has at least a "good" knowledge of C/C++. (Hope
    I do not offend by that last comment ... 8-)</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s19"><title>Use white space freely because it is
    free</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Make it readable. The notable exception to using white space
    freely is listed in the next guideline.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
int first_value   = 0;
int some_value    = 0;
int another_value = 0;
int this_variable = 0;
</programlisting>
  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s20"><title>Don't use white space around structure
    operators</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>- structure pointer operator ( "->" ) - member operator (
    "." ) - functions and parentheses</para>

    <para>It is a general coding practice to put pointers, references,
    and function parentheses next to names. With spaces, the
    connection between the object and variable/function name is not
    as clear.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
a_struct->a_member;
a_struct.a_member;
function_name();</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Instead of:</emphasis> a_struct -> a_member; a_struct . a_member;
    function_name ();</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s21"><title>Make the last brace of a function stand
    out</title>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
int function1( ... )
{
   ...code...
   return(ret_code);

} /* -END- function1 */


int function2( ... )
{
} /* -END- function2 */
</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Instead of:</emphasis></para>

    <para>int function1( ... ) { ...code... return(ret_code); } int
    function2( ... ) { }</para>

    <para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> Use 1 blank line before the closing brace and 2
    lines afterward. This makes the end of function standout to
    the most casual viewer. Although function comments help
    separate functions, this is still a good coding practice. In
    fact, I follow these rules when using blocks in "for", "while",
    "do" loops, and long if {} statements too. After all whitespace
    is free!</para>

    <para><emphasis>Status:</emphasis> developer-discretion on the number of blank
    lines. Enforced is the end of function comments.</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s22"><title>Use 3 character indentions</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>If some use 8 character TABs and some use 3 character TABs,
    the code can look *very* ragged. So use 3 character indentions
    only. If you like to use TABs, pass your code through a filter
    such as "expand -t3" before checking in your code.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
static const char * const url_code_map[256] =
{
   NULL, ...
};


int function1( ... )
{
   if (1)
   {
      return ALWAYS_TRUE;
   }
   else
   {
      return HOW_DID_YOU_GET_HERE;
   }

   return NEVER_GETS_HERE;

}
</programlisting>
  </sect3>

  </sect2>


    <sect2 id="s23"><title>Initializing</title>



    <sect3 id="s24"><title>Initialize all variables</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Do not assume that the variables declared will not be used
    until after they have been assigned a value somewhere else in
    the code. Remove the chance of accidentally using an unassigned
    variable.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
short a_short = 0;
float a_float  = 0;
struct *ptr = NULL;</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> It is much easier to debug a SIGSEGV if the
    message says you are trying to access memory address 00000000
    and not 129FA012; or array_ptr[20] causes a SIGSEV vs.
    array_ptr[0].</para>

    <para><emphasis>Status:</emphasis> developer-discretion if and only if the
    variable is assigned a value "shortly after" declaration.</para>

  </sect3>
  </sect2>


    <sect2 id="s25"><title>Functions</title>



    <sect3 id="s26"><title>Name functions that return a boolean as a
    question.</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Value should be phrased as a question that would logically
    be answered as a true or false statement</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
should_we_block_this();
contains_an_image();
is_web_page_blank();
</programlisting>
  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s27"><title>Always specify a return type for a
    function.</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>The default return for a function is an int. To avoid
    ambiguity, create a return for a function when the return has a
    purpose, and create a void return type if the function does not
    need to return anything.</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s28"><title>Minimize function calls when iterating by
    using variables</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>It is easy to write the following code, and a clear argument
    can be made that the code is easy to understand:</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
for (size_t cnt = 0; cnt &lt; block_list_length(); cnt++)
{
   ....
}</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> Unfortunately, this makes a function call for
    each and every iteration. This increases the overhead in the
    program, because the compiler has to look up the function each
    time, call it, and return a value. Depending on what occurs in
    the block_list_length() call, it might even be creating and
    destroying structures with each iteration, even though in each
    case it is comparing "cnt" to the same value, over and over.
    Remember too - even a call to block_list_length() is a function
    call, with the same overhead.</para>

    <para>Instead of using a function call during the iterations,
    assign the value to a variable, and evaluate using the
    variable.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
size_t len = block_list_length();

for (size_t cnt = 0; cnt &lt; len; cnt++)
{
   ....
}</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Exceptions:</emphasis> if the value of block_list_length()
    *may* change or could *potentially* change, then you must code the
    function call in the for/while loop.</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s29"><title>Pass and Return by Const Reference</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>This allows a developer to define a const pointer and call
    your function. If your function does not have the const
    keyword, we may not be able to use your function. Consider
    strcmp, if it were defined as: extern int strcmp(char *s1,
    char *s2);</para>

    <para>I could then not use it to compare argv's in main: int
    main(int argc, const char *argv[]) { strcmp(argv[0], "privoxy");
     }</para>

    <para>Both these pointers are *const*! If the c runtime library
    maintainers do it, we should too.</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s30"><title>Pass and Return by Value</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Most structures cannot fit onto a normal stack entry (i.e.
    they are not 4 bytes or less). Aka, a function declaration
    like: int load_aclfile(struct client_state csp)</para>

    <para>would not work. So, to be consistent, we should declare all
    prototypes with "pass by value": int load_aclfile(struct
    client_state *csp)</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s31"><title>Names of include files</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Your include statements should contain the file name without
    a path. The path should be listed in the Makefile, using -I as
    processor directive to search the indicated paths. An exception
    to this would be for some proprietary software that utilizes a
    partial path to distinguish their header files from system or
    other header files.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
#include &lt;iostream.h&gt;     /* This is not a local include */
#include "config.h"       /* This IS a local include */
</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Exception:</emphasis></para>

<programlisting>
/* This is not a local include, but requires a path element. */
#include &lt;sys/fileName.h&gt;
</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> Please! do not add "-I." to the Makefile
    without a _very_ good reason. This duplicates the #include
    "file.h" behavior.</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s32"><title>Provide multiple inclusion
    protection</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Prevents compiler and linker errors resulting from
    redefinition of items.</para>

    <para>Wrap each header file with the following syntax to prevent
    multiple inclusions of the file. Of course, replace PROJECT_H
    with your file name, with "." Changed to "_", and make it
    uppercase.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
#ifndef PROJECT_H_INCLUDED
#define PROJECT_H_INCLUDED
 ...
#endif /* ndef PROJECT_H_INCLUDED */
</programlisting>
  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s33"><title>Use `extern "C"` when appropriate</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>If our headers are included from C++, they must declare our
    functions as `extern "C"`. This has no cost in C, but increases
    the potential re-usability of our code.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C"
{
#endif /* def __cplusplus */

... function definitions here ...

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif /* def __cplusplus */
</programlisting>
  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s34"><title>Where Possible, Use Forward Struct
    Declaration Instead of Includes</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Useful in headers that include pointers to other struct's.
    Modifications to excess header files may cause needless
    compiles.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
/*********************************************************************
 * We're avoiding an include statement here!
 *********************************************************************/
struct file_list;
extern file_list *xyz;</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> If you declare "file_list xyz;" (without the
    pointer), then including the proper header file is necessary.
    If you only want to prototype a pointer, however, the header
    file is unnecessary.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Status:</emphasis> Use with discretion.</para>


  </sect3>
  </sect2>

    <sect2 id="s35"><title>General Coding Practices</title>



    <sect3 id="s36"><title>Turn on warnings</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation</emphasis></para>

    <para>Compiler warnings are meant to help you find bugs. You
    should turn on as many as possible. With GCC, the switch is
    "-Wall". Try and fix as many warnings as possible.</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s37"><title>Provide a default case for all switch
    statements</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>What you think is guaranteed is never really guaranteed. The
    value that you don't think you need to check is the one that
    someday will be passed. So, to protect yourself from the
    unknown, always have a default step in a switch statement.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
switch (hash_string(cmd))
{
   case hash_actions_file:
      ... code ...
      break;

   case hash_confdir:
      ... code ...
      break;

   default:
      log_error( ... );
      ... anomaly code goes here ...
      continue; / break; / exit( 1 ); / etc ...

} /* end switch (hash_string(cmd)) */</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> If you already have a default condition, you
    are obviously exempt from this point. Of note, most of the
    WIN32 code calls `DefWindowProc' after the switch statement.
    This API call *should* be included in a default statement.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Another Note:</emphasis> This is not so much a readability issue
    as a robust programming issue. The "anomaly code goes here" may
    be no more than a print to the STDERR stream (as in
    load_config). Or it may really be an abort condition.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Status:</emphasis> Programmer discretion is advised.</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s38"><title>Try to avoid falling through cases in a
    switch statement.</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>In general, you will want to have a 'break' statement within
    each 'case' of a switch statement. This allows for the code to
    be more readable and understandable, and furthermore can
    prevent unwanted surprises if someone else later gets creative
    and moves the code around.</para>

    <para>The language allows you to plan the fall through from one
    case statement to another simply by omitting the break
    statement within the case statement. This feature does have
    benefits, but should only be used in rare cases. In general,
    use a break statement for each case statement.</para>

    <para>If you choose to allow fall through, you should comment both
    the fact of the fall through and reason why you felt it was
    necessary.</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s40"><title>Don't mix size_t and other types</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>The type of size_t varies across platforms. Do not make
    assumptions about whether it is signed or unsigned, or about
    how long it is. Do not compare a size_t against another
    variable of a different type (or even against a constant)
    without casting one of the values.</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s41"><title>Declare each variable and struct on its
    own line.</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>It can be tempting to declare a series of variables all on
    one line. Don't.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
long a = 0;
long b = 0;
long c = 0;</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Instead of:</emphasis></para>

    <para>long a, b, c;</para>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis> - there is more room for comments on the
    individual variables - easier to add new variables without
    messing up the original ones - when searching on a variable to
    find its type, there is less clutter to "visually"
    eliminate</para>

    <para><emphasis>Exceptions:</emphasis> when you want to declare a bunch of loop
    variables or other trivial variables; feel free to declare them
    on one line. You should, although, provide a good comment on
    their functions.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Status:</emphasis> developer-discretion.</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s42"><title>Use malloc/zalloc sparingly</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>Create a local struct (on the stack) if the variable will
    live and die within the context of one function call.</para>

    <para>Only "malloc" a struct (on the heap) if the variable's life
    will extend beyond the context of one function call.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
If a function creates a struct and stores a pointer to it in a
list, then it should definitely be allocated via `malloc'.
</programlisting>
  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s43"><title>The Programmer Who Uses 'malloc' is
    Responsible for Ensuring 'free'</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>If you have to "malloc" an instance, you are responsible for
    insuring that the instance is `free'd, even if the deallocation
    event falls within some other programmer's code. You are also
    responsible for ensuring that deletion is timely (i.e. not too
    soon, not too late). This is known as "low-coupling" and is a
    "good thing (tm)". You may need to offer a
    free/unload/destructor type function to accommodate this.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
int load_re_filterfile(struct client_state *csp) { ... }
static void unload_re_filterfile(void *f) { ... }</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Exceptions:</emphasis></para>

    <para>The developer cannot be expected to provide `free'ing
    functions for C run-time library functions ... such as
    `strdup'.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Status:</emphasis> developer-discretion. The "main" use of this
    standard is for allocating and freeing data structures (complex
    or nested).</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s44"><title>Add loaders to the `file_list' structure
    and in order</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>I have ordered all of the "blocker" file code to be in alpha
    order. It is easier to add/read new blockers when you expect a
    certain order.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> It may appear that the alpha order is broken in
    places by POPUP tests coming before PCRS tests. But since
    POPUPs can also be referred to as KILLPOPUPs, it is clear that
    it should come first.</para>


  </sect3>


    <sect3 id="s45"><title>"Uncertain" new code and/or changes to
    existing code, use XXX</title>

    <para><emphasis>Explanation:</emphasis></para>

    <para>If you have enough confidence in new code or confidence in
    your changes, but are not *quite* sure of the repercussions,
    add this:</para>

    <para>/* XXX: this code has a logic error on platform XYZ, *
    attempting to fix */ #ifdef PLATFORM ...changed code here...
    #endif</para>

    <para>or:</para>

    <para>/* XXX: I think the original author really meant this...
    */ ...changed code here...</para>

    <para>or:</para>

    <para>/* XXX: new code that *may* break something else... */
    ...new code here...</para>

    <para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> If you make it clear that this may or may not
    be a "good thing (tm)", it will be easier to identify and
    include in the project (or conversely exclude from the
    project).</para>


  </sect3>

  </sect2>

    <sect2 id="s46"><title>Addendum: Template for files and function
    comment blocks:</title>

    <para><emphasis>Example for file comments:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
/*********************************************************************
 *
 * File        :  $Source
 *
 * Purpose     :  (Fill me in with a good description!)
 *
 * Copyright   :  Written by and Copyright (C) 2001-2009
 *                the Privoxy team. https://www.privoxy.org/
 *
 *                This program is free software; you can redistribute it
 *                and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General
 *                Public License as published by the Free Software
 *                Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at
 *                your option) any later version.
 *
 *                This program is distributed in the hope that it will
 *                be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the
 *                implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
 *                PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public
 *                License for more details.
 *
 *                The GNU General Public License should be included with
 *                this file.  If not, you can view it at
 *                http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html
 *                or write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 *                51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 ,
 *                USA
 *
 *********************************************************************/


#include "config.h"

   ...necessary include files for us to do our work...

const char FILENAME_h_rcs[] = FILENAME_H_VERSION;
</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> This declares the rcs variables that should be
    added to the "show-version" page. If this is a brand new
    creation by you, you are free to change the "Copyright" section
    to represent the rights you wish to maintain.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> The formfeed character that is present right
    after the comment flower box is handy for (X|GNU)Emacs users to
    skip the verbiage and get to the heart of the code (via
    `forward-page' and `backward-page'). Please include it if you
    can.</para>

    <para><emphasis>Example for file header comments:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
#ifndef _FILENAME_H
#define _FILENAME_H
/*********************************************************************
 *
 * File        :  $Source
 *
 * Purpose     :  (Fill me in with a good description!)
 *
 * Copyright   :  Written by and Copyright (C) 2001-2009
 *                the Privoxy team. https://www.privoxy.org/
 *
 *                This program is free software; you can redistribute it
 *                and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General
 *                Public License as published by the Free Software
 *                Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at
 *                your option) any later version.
 *
 *                This program is distributed in the hope that it will
 *                be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the
 *                implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
 *                PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public
 *                License for more details.
 *
 *                The GNU General Public License should be included with
 *                this file.  If not, you can view it at
 *                http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html
 *                or write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 *                51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 ,
 *                USA
 *
 *********************************************************************/


#include "project.h"

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

   ... function headers here ...


/* Revision control strings from this header and associated .c file */
extern const char FILENAME_rcs[];
extern const char FILENAME_h_rcs[];


#ifdef __cplusplus
} /* extern "C" */
#endif

#endif /* ndef _FILENAME_H */

/*
  Local Variables:
  tab-width: 3
  end:
*/
</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Example for function comments:</emphasis></para>
<programlisting>
/*********************************************************************
 *
 * Function    :  FUNCTION_NAME
 *
 * Description :  (Fill me in with a good description!)
 *
 * parameters  :
 *          1  :  param1 = pointer to an important thing
 *          2  :  x      = pointer to something else
 *
 * Returns     :  0 => Ok, everything else is an error.
 *
 *********************************************************************/
int FUNCTION_NAME(void *param1, const char *x)
{
   ...
   return 0;

}
</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> If we all follow this practice, we should be
    able to parse our code to create a "self-documenting" web
    page.</para>

  </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <!--   ~~~~~       New section      ~~~~~     -->
  <sect1 id="testing"><title>Testing Guidelines</title>
    <para>To be filled.
</para>

    <!--   ~~~~~       New section      ~~~~~     -->
    <sect2 id="testing-plan"><title>Testplan for releases</title>
      <para>
       Explain release numbers. major, minor. developer releases. etc.
      </para>
<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
          <listitem><para>
Remove any existing rpm with rpm -e
</para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>
Remove any file that was left over. This includes (but is not limited to)
          </para>
      <itemizedlist>
                <listitem><para>/var/log/privoxy</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>/etc/privoxy</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>/usr/sbin/privoxy</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>/etc/init.d/privoxy</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>/usr/doc/privoxy*</para></listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
          </listitem>
          <listitem><para>
Install the rpm. Any error messages?
</para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>start,stop,status <application>Privoxy</application> with the specific script
      (e.g. /etc/rc.d/init/privoxy stop). Reboot your machine. Does
      autostart work?</para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>Start browsing. Does <application>Privoxy</application> work? Logfile written?</para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>Remove the rpm. Any error messages? All files removed?</para></listitem>
        </orderedlist>
    </sect2>
    <!-- XXX: Document how to write test reports and where to send them -->

    <!--   ~~~~~       New section      ~~~~~     -->
    <sect2 id="privoxy-regression-test"><title>Testing with <application>Privoxy-Regression-Test</application></title>
     <para>
       If you compiled, packaged or merely installed Privoxy, it is recommended to run
       <application>Privoxy-Regression-Test</application> to verify that at least
       the tested parts of <application>Privoxy</application> are working as expected.
     </para>
     <para>
       This is actually pretty easy. For details, please see
       <command>perldoc privoxy-regression-test.pl</command>.
     </para>
     <para>
      Here is an example of what <application>Privoxy-Regression-Test</application> can do for you:
     </para>
     <programlisting>
# Run all the tests
fk@t520 ~ $privoxy-regression-test.pl
2020-12-14 12:16:32: Asking Privoxy for the number of action files available ...
2020-12-14 12:16:32: Gathering regression tests from 9 action file(s) delivered by Privoxy 3.0.30.
2020-12-14 12:16:32: Executing regression tests ...
2020-12-14 12:16:41: Ooops. Expected removal but: 'Referer: https://p.p/' is still there.
2020-12-14 12:16:41: Failure for test 785. Header 'Referer: https://p.p/' and tag 'hide-referrer{conditional-block}'
2020-12-14 12:16:41: Ooops. Got: 'Referer: https://p.p/' while expecting: 'Referer: http://p.p/'
2020-12-14 12:16:41: Failure for test 791. Header 'Referer: https://p.p/' and tag 'hide-referrer{conditional-forge}'
2020-12-14 12:16:44: Executed 1087 regression tests. Skipped 115. 1085 successes, 2 failures.
# Repeat one of the failing tests and get a curl command to quickly reproduce the problem
# without causing too much log noise.
fk@t520 ~ $privoxy-regression-test.pl --test-number 785 --verbose --debug 4
2020-12-14 12:17:55: Asking Privoxy for the number of action files available ...
[...]
2020-12-14 12:17:56: Executing regression tests ...
2020-12-14 12:17:56: Executing: curl --include  -H 'Proxy-Connection:'  -H 'Connection: close'  -s  -S  --user-agent 'Privoxy-Regression-Test 0.7.2'  --max-time '5'  --globoff  -H 'X-Privoxy-Control: hide-referrer{conditional-block}' -H 'Referer: https://p.p/'  http://p.p/show-request 2>&1
2020-12-14 12:17:56: Ooops. Expected removal but: 'Referer: https://p.p/' is still there.
2020-12-14 12:17:56: Failure for test 785 (0/13/5). Header 'Referer: https://p.p/' and tag 'hide-referrer{conditional-block}'
2020-12-14 12:17:56: Executed 1 regression tests. Skipped 1201. 0 successes, 1 failures.
     </programlisting>
     <para>
      Use the if the <command>--privoxy-address</command> option if the
      http_proxy environment variable isn't configured and you don't want
      to use the default (http://127.0.0.1:8118/).
     </para>
    </sect2>

    <!--   ~~~~~       New section      ~~~~~     -->
    <sect2 id="fuzzing"><title>Fuzzing Privoxy</title>
     <para>
       To make fuzzing more convenient, Privoxy can be configured
       with --enable-fuzz which will result in the --fuzz option
       becoming available.
     </para>
     <para>
      Example (tested on ElectroBSD):
     </para>
     <programlisting>
# Compile Privoxy with instrumentation for afl
$ export CC=afl-clang
$ export CFLAGS="-fsanitize=address -ggdb"
$ export CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include/
$ export LDFLAGS="-fsanitize=address -L/usr/local/lib"
$ export AFL_USE_ASAN=1
$ export AFL_HARDEN=1
$ ./configure --with-debug --enable-extended-host-patterns --enable-accept-filter --enable-no-gifs --enable-compression --enable-strptime-sanity-checks --enable-external-filters --enable-fuzz

$ ./privoxy --fuzz
Privoxy version 3.0.24 (http://www.privoxy.org/)
Usage: ./privoxy [--config-test] [--chroot] [--help] [--no-daemon] [--pidfile pidfile] [--pre-chroot-nslookup hostname] [--user user[.group]] [--version] [configfile]
       ./privoxy --fuzz fuzz-mode ./path/to/fuzzed/input [--stfu]

Supported fuzz modes and the expected input:
 action: Text to parse as action file.
 client-request: Client request to parse. Currently incomplete
 client-header: Client header to parse.
 chunked-transfer-encoding: Chunk-encoded data to dechunk.
 deflate: deflate-compressed data to decompress.
 filter: Text to parse as filter file.
 gif: gif to deanimate.
 gzip: gzip-compressed data to decompress.
 pcrs-substitute: A pcrs-substitute to compile. Not a whole pcrs job! Example: Bla $1 bla C $3 blah.
 server-header: Server header to parse.
 server-response: Server response to parse.

The following fuzz modes read data from stdin if the 'file' is '-'
 client-request
 client-header
 chunked-transfer-encoding
 deflate
 gif
 gzip
 pcrs-substitute
 server-header
 server-response

Aborting

$ export ASAN_OPTIONS='abort_on_error=1'
$ mkdir input output
$ echo '$1 bla fasel $2' > input/pcrs
$ afl-fuzz -i input -o output -m none ~/git/privoxy/privoxy --fuzz pcrs-substitute - --stfu

$ cat >input/pcrs.txt
FILTER: bla fasel
s@(.{1})[432](\d+)@$1$2$hostname@UgisT

$ afl-fuzz -i input/ -o output/ -f bla.filter -m none privoxy --fuzz filter bla.filter --stfu
</programlisting>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <!--   ~~~~~       New section      ~~~~~     -->
  <sect1 id="newrelease"><title>Releasing a New Version</title>
    <para>
        When we release versions of <application>Privoxy</application>,
        our work leaves our cozy secret lab and has to work in the cold
        RealWorld[tm]. Once it is released, there is no way to call it
        back, so it is very important that great care is taken to ensure
        that everything runs fine, and not to introduce problems in the
        very last minute.
    </para>
    <para>
        So when releasing a new version, please adhere exactly to the
        procedure outlined in this chapter.
    </para>

    <para>
        The following programs are required to follow this process:
        <filename>ssh</filename>,
        <filename>gmake</filename> (GNU's version of make), autoconf, git,
        a web browser.
    </para>

    <sect2 id="versionnumbers">
    <title>Version numbers</title>

    <para>
      First you need to determine which version number the release will have.
      <application>Privoxy</application> version numbers consist of three numbers,
      separated by dots, like in X.Y.Z (e.g. 3.0.0), where:
    </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              X, the version major, is rarely ever changed. It is increased by one if
              turning a development branch into stable substantially changes the functionality,
              user interface or configuration syntax. Majors 1 and 2 were
              <application>Junkbuster</application>, and 3 is the first stable
              <application>Privoxy</application> release.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
 <!-- FIXME   this is not the way it works anymore -->
              Y, the version minor, represents the branch within the major version.
              At any point in time, there are two branches being maintained:
              The stable branch, with an even minor, say, 2N, in which no functionality is
              being added and only bug-fixes are made, and 2N+1, the development branch, in
              which the further development of <application>Privoxy</application> takes
              place.
              This enables us to turn the code upside down and inside out, while at the same time
              providing and maintaining a stable version.
              The minor is reset to zero (and one) when the major is incremented. When a development
              branch has matured to the point where it can be turned into stable, the old stable branch
              2N is given up (i.e. no longer maintained), the former development branch 2N+1 becomes the
              new stable branch 2N+2, and a new development branch 2N+3 is opened.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Z, the point or sub version, represents a release of the software within a branch.
              It is therefore incremented immediately after each software release.
      <!-- FIXME   this is not the way it works any more
              In development branches, only the even point versions correspond to actual releases,
              while the odd ones denote the evolving state of the sources on Git in between.
              It follows that Z is odd on Git in development branches most of the time. There, it gets
              increased to an even number immediately before a code freeze, and is increased to an odd
              number again immediately thereafter.
              This ensures that builds from Git snapshots are easily distinguished from released versions.
           didn't Fabian get rid of the even=stable, odd=dev convention for release numbering? -->
              The point version is reset to zero when the minor changes.
            </para>
            <para>
              Stable branches work a little differently, since there should be
              little to no development happening in such branches. Remember,
              only bugfixes, which presumably should have had some testing
              before being committed. Stable branches will then have their
              version reported as <literal>0.0.0</literal>, during that period
              between releases when changes are being added. This is to denote
              that this code is <emphasis>not for release</emphasis>. Then
              as the release nears, the version is bumped according: e.g.
              <literal>3.0.1 -> 0.0.0 -> 3.0.2</literal>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
    <para>
     In summary, the main Git trunk is the development branch where new
     features are being worked on for the next stable series. This should
     almost always be where the most activity takes place. There is always at
     least one stable branch from the trunk, e.g now it is
     <literal>3.0</literal>, which is only used to release stable versions.
     Once the initial *.0 release of the stable branch has been done, then as a
     rule, only bugfixes that have had prior testing should be committed to
     the stable branch. Once there are enough bugfixes to justify a new
     release, the version of this branch is again incremented Example: 3.0.0
     -> 3.0.1 -> 3.0.2, etc are all stable releases from within the stable
     branch. 3.1.x is currently the main trunk, and where work on 3.2.x is
     taking place. If any questions, please post to the devel list
     <emphasis>before</emphasis> committing to a stable branch!
    </para>
    <para>
     Developers should remember too that if they commit a bugfix to the stable
     branch, this will more than likely require a separate submission to the
     main trunk, since these are separate development trees within Git. If you
     are working on both, then this would require at least two separate check
     outs (i.e main trunk, <emphasis>and</emphasis> the stable release branch,
     which is <literal>v_3_0_branch</literal> at the moment).
    </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="beforerelease">
    <title>Before the Release</title>
     <para>
       The following <emphasis>must be done by one of the
       developers</emphasis> prior to each new release.
     </para>
     <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
       <para>
         Make sure that everybody who has worked on the code in the last
         couple of days has had a chance to yell <quote>no!</quote> in case
         they have pending changes/fixes in their pipelines. Announce the
         freeze so that nobody will interfere with last minute changes.
       </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para>
         Update the code status (CODE_STATUS="xxx") in configure.in to one of
         "alpha", "beta" or "stable".
       </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para>
         Rebuild configure and GNUMakefile to make sure the updated values are being used.
       </para>

       <programlisting>
$ autoheader && autoconf     # rebuild configure
$ ./configure                # rebuild GNUmakefile
</programlisting>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <command>make dok-release</command> to update the sgml documentation source files.
       </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If action file processing has changed and is not backward-compatible,
        make sure the "for-privoxy-version=x.y.z" minimum version number in
        default.action.master has been updated:
       </para>
        <programlisting>
{{settings}}
#############################################################################
#MASTER# COMMENT: The minimum Privoxy version:
for-privoxy-version=3.0.11
</programlisting>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Create the change log:
       </para>
       <programlisting>
  $ git tag
  #   to see the tags
  $ git log [last release tag]..master &gt; /tmp/log
  #   get the commit log since the last release
  $ utils/makeChangeLog /tmp/log &gt; /tmp/change.log
  #   reformat the commit log
</programlisting>
       <para>
        Edit <filename>/tmp/change.log</filename> to remove trivial
        changes and group the changes under general headings like:
       </para>
       <programlisting>
- Bug fixes:
- Action file improvements:
- Filter file improvements:
- General improvements:
- Documentation improvements:
- Build system improvements:
- Code cleanups:
- Privoxy-Log-Parser:
- Privoxy-Regression-Test:
</programlisting>
       <para>
        Add the contents of <filename>/tmp/change.log</filename> to the
        start of <filename>ChangeLog</filename> and re-create
        <filename>doc/source/changelog.sgml</filename>:
       </para>
       <programlisting>
  $ utils/changelog2doc.pl /tmp/change.log &gt;| doc/source/changelog.sgml
</programlisting>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        All developers should look at the <filename>ChangeLog</filename> and
        make sure noteworthy changes are referenced.
       </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        All documentation should be rebuilt:
       <programlisting>
  $ make man
  $ make dok
  $ make dok-man
  $ make dok-tidy
  $ make config-file
</programlisting>
        Finished docs should be then be committed to Git (for those
        without the ability to build these). Some docs may require
        rather obscure processing tools. <filename>config</filename>,
        the man page (and the html version of the man page)
        fall in this category. README, the man page, AUTHORS, and config
        should all also be committed to Git for other packagers. The
        formal docs should be uploaded to the webserver. See the section
        <ulink url="webserver-update.html">"Updating the webserver"</ulink>
        in this manual for details.
       </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <emphasis>Commit all files that were changed in the above steps!</emphasis>
       </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para>
         The <citetitle>User Manual</citetitle> is also used for context
         sensitive help for the CGI editor. This is version sensitive, so that
         the user will get appropriate help for his/her release. So with
         each release a fresh version should be uploaded to the webserver
         (this is in addition to the main <citetitle>User Manual</citetitle>
         link from the main page since we need to keep manuals for various
         versions available). The CGI pages will link to something like
         <literal>https://www.privoxy.org/$(VERSION)/user-manual/</literal>. This
         needs to be updated for each new release and is done with the
         <quote>webserver</quote> target.
       </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Tag all files in Git with the version number with
        <quote><command>git tag -s v_X_Y_Z</command></quote>.
        Don't use vX_Y_Z, ver_X_Y_Z, v_X.Y.Z (won't work) etc.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     <listitem>
       <para>
        On the webserver, copy the user manual to a new top-level directory
        called <filename>X.Y.Z</filename>. This ensures that help links from the CGI
        pages, which have the version as a prefix, will go into the right version of the manual.
        If this is a development branch release, also symlink <filename>X.Y.(Z-1)</filename>
        to <filename>X.Y.Z</filename> and <filename>X.Y.(Z+1)</filename> to
        <filename>.</filename> (i.e. dot).
       </para>
      </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="therelease">
    <title>Building and Releasing the Packages</title>
     <para>
      Now the individual packages can be built and released. Note that for
      GPL reasons the first package to be released is always the source tarball.
     </para>

     <para>
      For <emphasis>all</emphasis> types of packages, including the source tarball,
      <emphasis>you must make sure that you build from clean sources by exporting
      the right version from Git into an empty directory</emphasis> (just press return when
      asked for a password):
     </para>

      <programlisting>
  mkdir dist # delete or choose different name if it already exists
  cd dist
  git clone https://www.privoxy.org/git/privoxy.git
  cd privoxy
  git checkout v_X_Y_Z
</programlisting>

    <para>
     <emphasis>Do NOT change</emphasis> a single bit, including, but not limited to
     version information after export from Git. This is to make sure that
     all release packages, and with them, all future bug reports, are based
     on exactly the same code.
    </para>

    <warning>
     <para>
      Every significant release of Privoxy has included at least one
      package that either had incorrect versions of files, missing files,
      or incidental leftovers from a previous build process that gave
      unknown numbers of users headaches to try to figure out what was
      wrong. PLEASE, make sure you are using pristene sources, and are
      following the prescribed process!
     </para>
    </warning>

    <para>
     Please find additional instructions for the source tarball and the
     individual platform dependent binary packages below. And details
     on the Sourceforge release process below that.
    </para>

    <sect3 id="pack-guidelines">
    <title>Note on Privoxy Packaging</title>
     <para>
      Please keep these general guidelines in mind when putting together
      your package. These apply to <emphasis>all</emphasis> platforms!
     </para>
      <itemizedlist>
       <listitem>
        <para>
          <application>Privoxy</application> <emphasis>requires</emphasis>
          write access to: all <filename>*.action</filename> files, all
          logfiles, and the <filename>trust</filename> file. You will
          need to determine the best way to do this for your platform.
        </para>
       </listitem>
       <listitem>
        <para>
          Please include up to date documentation. At a bare minimum:
        </para>
        <simplelist>
         <member>
          <filename>LICENSE</filename> (top-level directory)
         </member>
        </simplelist>
        <simplelist>
         <member>
          <filename>README</filename> (top-level directory)
         </member>
        </simplelist>
        <simplelist>
         <member>
          <filename>AUTHORS</filename> (top-level directory)
         </member>
        </simplelist>
        <simplelist>
         <member>
          <filename>man page</filename> (top-level directory, Unix-like
          platforms only)
         </member>
        </simplelist>
        <simplelist>
         <member>
          <filename>The User Manual</filename> (doc/webserver/user-manual/)
         </member>
        </simplelist>
        <simplelist>
         <member>
          <filename>FAQ</filename> (doc/webserver/faq/)
         </member>
        </simplelist>
        <para>
          Also suggested: <filename>Developer Manual</filename>
          (doc/webserver/developer-manual) and <filename>ChangeLog</filename>
          (top-level directory). <filename>FAQ</filename> and the manuals are
          HTML docs.
        </para>
        <para>
         The documentation has been designed such that the manuals are linked
         to each other from parallel directories, and should be packaged
         that way. <filename>privoxy-index.html</filename> can also be
         included and can serve as a focal point for docs and other links of
         interest (and possibly renamed to <filename>index.html</filename>).
         This should be one level up from the manuals. There is a link also
         on this page to an HTMLized version of the man page. To avoid 404 for
         this, it is in Git as
         <filename>doc/webserver/man-page/privoxy-man-page.html</filename>,
         and should be included along with the manuals. There is also a
         css stylesheets that can be included for better presentation:
         <filename>p_doc.css</filename>. This should be in the same directory
         with <filename>privoxy-index.html</filename>, (i.e. one level up from
         the manual directories).
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <filename>user.action</filename> and <filename>user.filter</filename>
        are designed for local preferences. Make sure these do not get overwritten!
        <filename>config</filename> should not be overwritten either. This
        has especially important configuration data in it.
        <filename>trust</filename> should be left in tact as well.
       </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Other configuration files (<filename>default.action</filename>,
        <filename>regression-tests.action</filename> and
        <filename>default.filter</filename>) should be installed as the new
        defaults, but all previously installed configuration files should be
        preserved as backups. This is just good manners :-) These files are
        likely to change between releases and contain important new features
        and bug fixes.
       </para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Please check platform specific notes in this doc, if you haven't
       done <quote>Privoxy</quote> packaging before for other platform
       specific issues. Conversely, please add any notes that you know
       are important for your platform (or contact one of the doc
       maintainers to do this if you can't).
      </para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
     <para>
       Packagers should do a <quote>clean</quote> install of their
       package after building it. So any previous installs should be
       removed first to ensure the integrity of the newly built package.
       Then run the package for a while to make sure there are no
       obvious problems, before uploading.
     </para>
    </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3 id="newrelease-tarball"><title>Source Tarball</title>
      <para>
        First, <emphasis>make sure that you have freshly exported the right
        version into an empty directory</emphasis>. (See "Building and releasing
        packages" above). Then run from that directory:
      </para>
        <programlisting>
  autoheader && autoconf && ./configure
</programlisting>
      <para>
        Then do:
      </para>
        <programlisting>
  make tarball-dist
</programlisting>
    </sect3>

    <sect3 id="NEWRELEASE-WINDOWS"><title>Windows</title>
    <!-- so annoying: docbook generated ids are UPPERCASE so
                links to "whatever.html#idtag" DO NOT WORK!!
         They have to be "whatever.html#IDTAG".
         So be consistent and use uppercase on the definition.
      -->
      <para>
        Note that the docbook generated files might need some hand editing,
        so the Windows build makefile does not rebuild the docs.
      </para>

      <para>
        First, <emphasis>make sure that you have freshly exported the right
        version into an empty directory</emphasis>. (See "Building and releasing
        packages" above).
        <!-- XXX  ??? are we still basing releases off a tarball???
          -->
      </para>
      <para>
        Then you can build the package.  This is fully automated, and is
        controlled by <filename>windows/GNUmakefile</filename>.
        All you need to do is:
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  cd windows
  make
</programlisting>
      <para>
        Now you can manually rename <filename>privoxy_setup.exe</filename> to
        <filename>privoxy_setup_X.Y.Z.exe</filename>, and the <filename>build</filename>
        directory to <filename>privoxy_X.Y.Z</filename>.
        Create a .zip file of the newly renamed <filename>privoxy_X.Y.Z</filename> directory,
        GPG sign the installer and zip file,
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  $ gpg --armor --detach --sign <filename>privoxy_setup_X.Y.Z.exe</filename>
  $ gpg --armor --detach --sign <filename>privoxy_X.Y.Z.zip</filename>
</programlisting>
      <para>
        and upload the files to SourceForge.
      </para>

      <para>
        When releasing the package on SourceForge, use the release notes
        and Change Log from the source tarball package.
      </para>
    </sect3>

    <sect3 id="newrelease-debian"><title>Debian</title>
      <para>
       Using git-buildpackage we start with a clone of the last Debian version:
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  gbp clone https://salsa.debian.org/debian/privoxy.git
  cd privoxy
</programlisting>
      <para>
       or if the repository is already there
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  cd privoxy
  gbp pull
</programlisting>
      <para>
       Now import the newly released upstream tarball via debian/watch file:
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  gbp import-orig --uscan
</programlisting>
      <para>
       Next update all Debian quilt patches to the new version:
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  while quilt push; do quilt refresh; done
</programlisting>
      <para>
       If some patch is no longer required (because it is already merged
       upstream), it can be removed using
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  quilt delete XX_patchname.patch
  git rm debian/patches/XX_patchname.patch
</programlisting>
      <para>
       If the patch needs modification, you can apply, edit and update it with
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  quilt push -f
  quilt edit some_file
  quilt refresh
</programlisting>
      <para>
       until
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  while quilt push; do quilt refresh; done
</programlisting>
      <para>
       succeeds. Then you can
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  quilt pop -a
</programlisting>
      <para>
       Now add a new entry to the debian/changelog representing the new
       version:
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  dch -v &p-version;-1
</programlisting>
      <para>
       and describe what you did before and don't forget to git commit all
       changes.
      </para>
      <para>
       Now you can build the package on the local machine using
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  gbp buildpackage -us -uc
</programlisting>
      <para>
       You should check for warnings using
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  lintian -iI ../build-area/privoxy_&p-version;-1_amd64.changes
</programlisting>
      <para>
       Maybe rebuild the package in different defined cowbuilder environments
       like
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  sudo cowbuilder --build --basepath /var/cache/pbuilder/base.cow ../build-area/privoxy_&p-version;-1.dsc
</programlisting>
      <para>
       And try to run autopackage testing suite on the result:
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  autopkgtest /var/cache/pbuilder/result/privoxy_&p-version;-1_amd64.changes -s -- schroot sid
</programlisting>
      <para>
       Or just push the changes to salsa.debian.org, where a CI pipeline is
       defined for the package, that builds and tests it.
      </para>
      <para>
       If everything is okay, run cowbuilder with i386 and amd64 environments
       for current Debian stable release and build
       privoxy_&p-version;-1_i386.deb and privoxy_&p-version;-1_amd64.deb.
       Then sign both files:
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  gpg --detach-sign --armor privoxy_&p-version;-1_i386.deb
  gpg --detach-sign --armor privoxy_&p-version;-1_amd64.deb
</programlisting>
      <para>
       Create a README file containing the recent block from debian/changelog
       and upload the two packages, the two signatures and the README to a
       freshly created folder below
       https://sourceforge.net/projects/ijbswa/files/Debian/
      </para>

      <sect4 id="snapshot-debian"><title>Debian GIT Snapshot</title>
      <para>
       For building just a git snapshot build the following workflow may be
       useful.  First create a build environment, for this you may have to
       run the following commands:
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  sudo apt install build-essential devscripts
  sudo apt-get build-dep privoxy
</programlisting>
      <para>
       After this enter the checked out privoxy git tree and check that all
       (new) build dependencies are met:
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  dpkg-checkbuilddeps
</programlisting>
      <para>
       If something is missing, just add it using
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  sudo apt install foobar
</programlisting>
      <para>
       Now you may update debian/changelog, especially the version number
       using
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  dch
</programlisting>
      <para>
       and finally build the package:
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  debuild -us -uc -b
</programlisting>
      <para>
       If everything went okay, you may find the resulting Debian package in
       the parent directory.
      </para>
      <para>
       You may want to clean up the build tree using
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  debian/rules clean
</programlisting>
      <para>
       And maybe repair some artefacts using one or both of the following
       commands:
      </para>
      <programlisting>
  git reset --hard
  git clean -fd
</programlisting>
    </sect4>
    </sect3>

    <sect3 id="newrelease-macosx"><title>Mac OS X</title>
      <para>
        First, <emphasis>make sure that you have freshly exported the right
        version into an empty directory</emphasis>. (See "Building and releasing
        packages" above).
      </para>
      <para>
        There are three modules available in the CVS repository backups for use on Mac
        OS X, though technically only two of them generate a release (the other
        can be used to install from source).
      </para>
      <sect4 id="OS-X-OSXPackageBuilder-module">
      <title>OSXPackageBuilder module (Documentation out of date)</title>
        <para>
          The OSXPackageBuilder module generates OS X installer packages
          supporting all Macs running OS X 10.4 and above. Obtain it from CVS as
          follows into a folder parallel to the exported privoxy source:
        </para>
          <programlisting>
  cvs -z3 -d:pserver:anonymous@ijbswa.cvs.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/ijbswa co OSXPackageBuilder
</programlisting>
        <para>
          The module contains complete instructions on its usage in the file
          <filename>OS X Package Builder HOWTO.txt</filename>.
        </para>
        <para>
          Once the package(s) have been generated, you can then upload them
          directly to the Files section of the Sourceforge project in the
          Macintosh (OS X) folder. Each new version release of Privoxy should
          have a new subfolder created in which to store its files. Please
          ensure that the folder contains a readme file that makes it clear
          which package is for whichversion of OS X.
        </para>
      </sect4>
      <sect4 id="OS-X-osxsetup-module">
      <title>osxsetup module (DEPRECATED) (Documentation out of date)</title>
        <para>
          <emphasis>This module is deprecated since the installer it generates
          places all Privoxy files in one folder in a non-standard location, and
          supports only Intel Macs running OS X 10.6 or higher.</emphasis>
        </para>
        <para>
          Check out the module from CVS as follows into a folder parallel to the
          exported privoxy source:
        </para>
          <programlisting>
  cvs -z3 -d:pserver:anonymous@ijbswa.cvs.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/ijbswa co osxsetup
</programlisting>
        <para>
          Then run:
        </para>
          <programlisting>
  cd osxsetup
  build
</programlisting>
        <para>
          This will run <filename>autoheader</filename>, <filename>autoconf</filename>
          and <filename>configure</filename> as well as <filename>make</filename>.
          Finally, it will copy over the necessary files to the ./osxsetup/files
          directory for further processing by <filename>PackageMaker</filename>.
        </para>
        <para>
        Bring up PackageMaker with the PrivoxyPackage.pmsp definition file,
        modify the package name to match the release, and hit the "Create
        package" button. If you specify ./Privoxy.pkg as the output package
        name, you can then create the distributable zip file with the command:
        </para>
          <programlisting>
  zip -r privoxyosx_setup_x.y.z.zip Privoxy.pkg
</programlisting>
        <para>
          You can then upload this file directly to the Files section of the
          Sourceforge project in the Macintosh (OS X) folder. Each new version
          release of Privoxy should have a new subfolder created in which to
          store its files.
          Please ensure that the folder contains a readme file that makes it
          clear which version(s) of OS X the package supports.
        </para>
      </sect4>
      <sect4 id="OS-X-macsetup-module">
      <title>macsetup module (Documentation out of date)</title>
        <para>
          The macsetup module is ideal if you wish to build and install Privoxy
          from source on a single machine.
        </para>
        <para>
          Check out the module from CVS as follows into a folder parallel to the
          exported privoxy source:
        </para>
          <programlisting>
  cvs -z3 -d:pserver:anonymous@ijbswa.cvs.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/ijbswa co macsetup
</programlisting>
        <para>
          The module contains complete instructions on its usage in its
          <filename>README</filename> file. The end result will be the
          exported version of Privoxy installed on the build machine.
        </para>
      </sect4>
    </sect3>

    <sect3 id="newrelease-freebsd"><title>FreeBSD</title>
      <para>
        Update the www/privoxy port and submit a diff upstream.
        For details see the <ulink url="https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/porters-handbook/">FreeBSD Porter's Handbook</ulink>.
      </para>
    </sect3>
   </sect2>

   <sect2 id="releasing">
   <title>Uploading and Releasing Your Package</title>
    <para>
      After the package is ready, it is time to upload it
      and go through the release steps. The upload
      is done at
      <ulink url="https://sourceforge.net/projects/ijbswa/upload/">SourceForge</ulink>
      after logging in.
    </para>
    <para>
     Now just follow the prompts. Be sure to add any appropriate Release
     notes. You should see your freshly uploaded packages in
     <quote>Step 2. Add Files To This Release</quote>. Check the
     appropriate box(es). Remember at each step to hit the
     <quote>Refresh/Submit</quote> buttons! You should now see your
     file(s) listed in Step 3. Fill out the forms with the appropriate
     information for your platform, being sure to hit <quote>Update</quote>
     for each file. If anyone is monitoring your platform, check the
     <quote>email</quote> box at the very bottom to notify them of
     the new package. This should do it!
    </para>
    <para>
     If you have made errors, or need to make changes, you can go through
     essentially the same steps, but select <literal>Edit Release</literal>,
     instead of <literal>Add Release</literal>.
    </para>
   </sect2>

    <sect2 id="afterrelease">
    <title>After the Release</title>
     <para>
      When all (or: most of the) packages have been uploaded and made available,
      send an email to the
      <ulink url="mailto:privoxy-announce@lists.privoxy.org">announce mailing
      list</ulink>, Subject: "Announcing Privoxy X.Y.Z $CODE_STATUS". Be sure to
      include the
      <ulink url="https://sourceforge.net/projects/ijbswa/files/">
      download location</ulink>, the release notes and the Changelog. Also, post an
      updated News item on the project page Sourceforge, and update the Home
      page and docs linked from the Home page (see below). Other news sites
      and release oriented sites, such as Freshmeat, should also be notified.
     </para>
     <para>
      Then update the source code for the next version to be released:
     </para>
     <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Increment the version number and change the code status to "UNRELEASED"
        in <filename>configure.in</filename>
       </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Rebuild configure (<quote><command>autoheader && autoconf</command></quote>)
        and GNUMakefile (<quote><command>./configure</command></quote>)
       </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <quote><command>make dok-release</command></quote> to update the sgml documentation source files.
       </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Commit all your changes.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <!--   ~~~~~       New section      ~~~~~     -->
  <sect1 id="webserver-update"><title>Update the Webserver</title>
   <para>
    The webserver should be updated at least with each stable release. When
    updating, please follow these steps to make sure that no broken links,
    inconsistent contents or permission problems will occur (as it has many
    times in the past!):
   </para>
   <para>
    If you have changed anything in the stable-branch documentation source
    SGML files, do:
   </para>
    <programlisting>
  make dok
</programlisting>
   <para>
    That will generate <filename>doc/webserver/user-manual</filename>,
    <filename>doc/webserver/developer-manual</filename>,
    <filename>doc/webserver/faq</filename>,
    <filename>doc/webserver/index.html</filename> automatically.
   </para>
   <para>
    If you changed the manual page sources, generate
    <filename>doc/webserver/man-page/privoxy-man-page.html</filename>
    by running <quote><command>make man</command></quote>. (This is
    a separate target due to dependencies on some obscure perl scripts
    [now in Git, but not well tested]. See comments in <filename>GNUmakefile</filename>.)
   </para>
   <para>
    If you want to add new files to the webserver, create them locally in
    the <filename>doc/webserver/*</filename> directory (or
    create new directories under <filename>doc/webserver</filename>).
   </para>
   <para>
    Next, commit any changes from the above steps to Git. All set?
    If these are docs in the stable branch, then do:
   </para>
    <programlisting>
  make webserver
</programlisting>
   <para>
    This will do the upload to the SourceForge webserver (which is manually
    syncronized with <ulink url="https://www.privoxy.org/">www.privoxy.org</ulink>)
    and ensure all files and directories there are group writable.
   </para>
   <para>
    Please do <emphasis>NOT</emphasis> use any other means of transferring
    files to the webserver to avoid permission problems. Also, please do not
    upload docs from development branches or versions. The publicly posted
    docs should be in sync with the last official release.
   </para>
  </sect1>

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</article>